In Guatemala, as in much of Central America, in a typical pattern of the vicious circle, extractive political institutions supported extractive economic institutions, which in turn provided the basis for extractive political institutions and the continuation of the power of the same elite.

所谓的酷吏、所谓的法吏，不是以伦理为中心的，不是道德挂帅的，但必须强调，他们的治理不是以法律为准绳，也不是提倡在法律面前人人平等的。所谓酷吏，实际上是一种权力中心主义的法家政治观，强调的是对权力的垄断。这种对权力的垄断与强调道德其实都属于人治，但是酷吏对法治的破坏作用——确切地说是对建设法治的阻碍作用，应该说要比伦理型的儒家人治更甚一筹。 我们清楚现代意义上讲的法治是什么。其实现代意义上的法治，说穿了就是以人权为基础的一种法律秩序，每一个人都有他的合法权利，应该得到保障。法律就是为了保障人权的，因此，法律对社会上的每一个人都构成约束，之所以约束就是因为害怕有人侵犯别人的权利。那么谁最有可能侵犯别人的权利呢？就是那些有权有势的人。法治首先要限制谁？首先是要限制政府，限制有权胡作非为的人。至于限制老百姓，那是次要的事

Even trade within the Americas was heavily regulated. For example, a merchant in a colony such as New Spain, roughly modern Mexico, could not trade directly with anyone in New Granada, modern Colombia. These restrictions on trade within the Spanish Empire reduced its economic prosperity and also, indirectly, the potential benefits that Spain could have gained by trading with another, more prosperous empire. Nevertheless, they were attractive because they guaranteed that the silver and gold would keep flowing to Spain.

今天很多人对于福利政策也是不以为然的，但是他们的表述都不会这么难听，不能说这些穷人穷死活该，国家没责任。他们往往会说其实济贫用别的办法更好，比如发展民间公益组织或曰“第三部门”，会比国家救济更有效率。比如说福利可以少一些，自由应该多一些，这样会给他们提供更多的就业机会。比如“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”，给他们搞职业培训，会比救济帮助更大，等等

It was much easier for the North Koreans to create a more radically communist-style economy, since they could expropriate former Japanese assets and build on the economic model of the Chinese Revolution.