ClippingKK

“无坚凝之策”可谓道中了苻坚失败的要害。前秦只是一个不巩固的、暂时的军事行政联合体，所占地盘越大、征服的民族越多，其内部的矛盾也就越复杂，和罗马帝国一样，前秦对其统治区“仅仅是政治上的联系，因而这种联系也就可能为政治事件所破坏”[37]

In all cases it proved to be impossible to force settlers into a rigid hierarchical society, because there were simply too many options open to them in the New World. Instead, they had to be provided with incentives for them to want to work. And soon they were demanding more economic freedom and further political rights.

唐朝中枢机构内部错综复杂的矛盾斗争，对讨叛战争的严重干扰和牵制，也是不能消灭河朔割据局面的一个重要因素。安史之乱平定初年及大历中，平叛功臣、宦官、宰相、外戚和皇权之间复杂的矛盾斗争，曾大大地影响到唐廷对河北的战争和对安史旧将的处置并为其发展势力创造了有利时机

具体来讲，幕友一职所拥有的较高社会地位、可观的收益，以及其他诱人的因素，对有能力的人从事这一职业产生了吸引力。相反，书吏、衙役和长随这些职业，由于缺乏上述令人艳羡的因素，就难以吸引能谋到更好职业的人。通常来讲，可以获得非法收入是从事这一毫无吸引力的工作的主要动机

慕容冲亦是慕容之弟，前燕时爵封中山王。其姐清河公主国色天香，燕亡后为苻坚所纳，宠冠后宫。慕容冲酷类其姐，俊俏可人，亦有龙阳之美。姐弟二人把苻坚搞得神魂颠倒，其他宫人休想亲近半分。达官贵人生怕二人出乱子，一再谏阻，最后由王猛出面，苦苦谏诤，苻坚万不得已，才将慕容冲送出长安，后任平阳（山西临汾西南）太守

杨璧，尚苻坚女顺阳公主，位居南秦州刺史、护军将军，屯驻下辨，尚有一定的实力。苻宏以为族人至亲，足可托庇。不料杨璧意欲自雄，拒绝他入城

To Egyptians, the things that have held them back include an ineffective and corrupt state and a society where they cannot use their talent, ambition, ingenuity, and what education they can get. But they also recognize that the roots of these problems are political. All the economic impediments they face stem from the way political power in Egypt is exercised and monopolized by a narrow elite. This, they understand, is the first thing that has to change.

另一方面，又大力扶植宦官势力来与之相抗衡。宦官李辅国身为元帅府行军司马，实际上掌握着战争的决策权。宦官鱼朝恩曾以观军容使的身份监领九节度使围相州之战，后来又曾亲自带兵镇陕。更重要的是在前线的每一支作战部队中，都派有宦官监军，许多节度使都是因与宦官不协而或被罢兵权，如郭子仪；或被赐死，如来瑱；或惊恐自杀，如同华节度使李怀让；或被迫谋反，如仆固怀恩。这就大大牵制了唐朝的平叛力量