ClippingKK

A violent overthrow of the system means that something entirely new has to be built in place of what has been removed. This was the case with the French Revolution, when the first experiment with democracy led to the Terror and then back to a monarchy twice before finally leading to the French Third Republic in 1870. It was the case in the Russian Revolution, where the desires of many for a more equal system than that of the Russian Empire led to a one-party dictatorship that was much more violent, bloody, and vicious than what it had replaced.

我们之所以提出“零售娱乐化”，是因为我们认为不管是在当年的消费升级大背景下，还是在今天，大家都更加注重精神生活。大家都知道马斯洛需求理论，其实到最后大家都开始去更多地进行一些精神类消费。我们卖的这些产品多数情况下并没有实用功能，而是关于审美、艺术、陪伴的精神类产品，然后再加上一些娱乐化的玩法

我提醒过他不要皱眉。他说话的时候，总是会习惯性地皱眉。他一旦开始皱眉头，底下人就不敢随意说话了。其实，他皱眉，并不代表他不满意或不耐烦，可能就是个人习惯

THERE ARE HUGE DIFFERENCES in living standards around the world. Even the poorest citizens of the United States have incomes and access to health care, education, public services, and economic and social opportunities that are far superior to those available to the vast mass of people living in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Central America.

In Guatemala, as in much of Central America, in a typical pattern of the vicious circle, extractive political institutions supported extractive economic institutions, which in turn provided the basis for extractive political institutions and the continuation of the power of the same elite.

这么严密的控制其实就是为了维护皇权。可是我们知道，天底下没有一种制度是可以“永垂不朽”的，任何一种基于皇权安全的设置，都不可能让统治者完全放心，也不可能消除皇权面临的一切威胁。这也就是两千多年来中国一直是治极生乱、乱极生治，分久必合、合久必分的原因

Today you can’t take the train to Bo anymore, because like Tsar Nicholas I, who feared that the railways would bring revolution to Russia, Stevens believed the railways would strengthen his opponents. Like so many other rulers in control of extractive institutions, he was afraid of challenges to his political power and was willing to sacrifice economic growth to thwart those challenges.

in the Kingdom of Kongo attempts to promote the use of plows were unsuccessful because people lacked any incentive, given the extractive nature of the economic institutions. The king of Kongo realized that if he could induce people to use plows, agricultural productivity would be higher, generating more wealth, which he could benefit from. This is a potential incentive for all governments, even absolutist ones. The problem in Kongo was that people understood that whatever they produced could be confiscated by an absolutist monarch, and therefore they had no incentive to invest or use better technology.