ClippingKK

sustained economic growth requires innovation, and innovation cannot be decoupled from creative destruction, which replaces the old with the new in the economic realm and also destabilizes established power relations in politics. Because elites dominating extractive institutions fear creative destruction, they will resist it, and any growth that germinates under extractive institutions will be ultimately short lived.

The Communist economic institutions were in turn supported by extractive political institutions, concentrating all power in the hands of Communist parties and introducing no constraints on the exercise of this power. Though these were different extractive institutions in form, they had similar effects on the livelihoods of the people as the extractive institutions in Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone.

the institutional structure that creates market failures will also prevent implementation of interventions to improve incentives at the micro level. Attempting to engineer prosperity without confronting the root cause of the problems—extractive institutions and the politics that keeps them in place—is unlikely to bear fruit.

Following the Meiji Restoration there was a process of transformative institutional reforms in Japan. In 1869 feudalism was abolished, and the three hundred fiefs were surrendered to the government and turned into prefectures, under the control of an appointed governor. Taxation was centralized, and a modern bureaucratic state replaced the old feudal one. In 1869 the equality of all social classes before the law was introduced, and restrictions on internal migration and trade were abolished. The samurai class was abolished, though not without having to put down some rebellions. Individual property rights on land were introduced, and people were allowed freedom to enter and practice any trade. The state became heavily involved in the construction of infrastructure.

without a centralized state to provide order and enforce rules and property rights, inclusive institutions could not emerge.

Political and economic institutions shaped the response to technological innovation, creating once again the familiar pattern of interaction between existing institutions and critical junctures leading to divergence in institutions and economic outcomes.

我们之所以提出“零售娱乐化”，是因为我们认为不管是在当年的消费升级大背景下，还是在今天，大家都更加注重精神生活。大家都知道马斯洛需求理论，其实到最后大家都开始去更多地进行一些精神类消费。我们卖的这些产品多数情况下并没有实用功能，而是关于审美、艺术、陪伴的精神类产品，然后再加上一些娱乐化的玩法

凡是自己下意识加上去的"为了好意的优化"，将来都要回来看一眼。因为每一样好意，都有可能在某一个他没有想到的角度，变成一道十六秒的空白