ClippingKK

In fact, the black workers were purposefully kept unskilled and were barred from high-skill occupations so that skilled white workers would not face competition and could enjoy high wages. In South Africa black Africans were indeed “trapped” in the traditional economy, in the Homelands.

超越了是非，就成神仙了，人间的是非对于你来讲是无所谓的，你“逍遥游”了

所谓的酷吏、所谓的法吏，不是以伦理为中心的，不是道德挂帅的，但必须强调，他们的治理不是以法律为准绳，也不是提倡在法律面前人人平等的。所谓酷吏，实际上是一种权力中心主义的法家政治观，强调的是对权力的垄断。这种对权力的垄断与强调道德其实都属于人治，但是酷吏对法治的破坏作用——确切地说是对建设法治的阻碍作用，应该说要比伦理型的儒家人治更甚一筹。 我们清楚现代意义上讲的法治是什么。其实现代意义上的法治，说穿了就是以人权为基础的一种法律秩序，每一个人都有他的合法权利，应该得到保障。法律就是为了保障人权的，因此，法律对社会上的每一个人都构成约束，之所以约束就是因为害怕有人侵犯别人的权利。那么谁最有可能侵犯别人的权利呢？就是那些有权有势的人。法治首先要限制谁？首先是要限制政府，限制有权胡作非为的人。至于限制老百姓，那是次要的事

The consequence of all this absolutist control of the economy was predictable: the Chinese economy was stagnant throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries while other economies were industrializing. By the time Mao set up his communist regime in 1949, China had become one of the poorest countries in the world.

New people with new ideas were crucial to this transformation. Consider innovation in transportation. In England there were several waves of such innovations: first canals, then roads, and finally railways. In each of these waves the innovators were new men.

所以理解儒家“从周”的真意如何，一定要看他们与别人的辩论，看其他人是怎么骂儒家的，儒家又是怎么骂其他人的，这样才能知道各方真正的“所指”。从这方面看，儒家如此激烈的“辟杨墨”和后来法家如此激烈的“焚书坑儒”，委实是真正理解先秦儒家的关键

It was the Glorious Revolution that strengthened and rationalized property rights, improved financial markets, undermined state-sanctioned monopolies in foreign trade, and removed the barriers to the expansion of industry. It was the Glorious Revolution that made the political system open and responsive to the economic needs and aspirations of society.

The consequences of these extractive political and economic institutions in Spain were predictable. During the seventeenth century, while England was moving toward commercial growth and then rapid industrialization, Spain was tailspinning toward widespread economic decline. At the start of the century, one in five people in Spain was living in urban areas. By the end, this figure had halved to one in ten, in a process that corresponded to increasing impoverishment of the Spanish population. Spanish incomes fell, while England grew rich.