ClippingKK

这就是陌生人打交道的逻辑。一次性的博弈通常是“零和博弈”，你输我赢甚全你死我活都可以，但是如果双方“抬头不见低头见”，知道博弈将无限重复，那就大概率会追求“双赢”，形成一种伦理关系。即便双方不平等，有长幼尊卑之别，但如果双方终生相守，甚至祖祖辈辈都得相处在一起，这个博弈就是长期的。不能做一锤子买卖，互动过程既然多次重复，肯定就要考虑长期回报，就不能一次把事情做绝了，否则很难长期相处

In Guatemala, as in much of Central America, in a typical pattern of the vicious circle, extractive political institutions supported extractive economic institutions, which in turn provided the basis for extractive political institutions and the continuation of the power of the same elite.

The effort to build and consolidate absolutism in Spain was massively aided by the discovery of precious metals in the Americas.

it is again the underlying extractive institutions that make politics so attractive to, and so biased in favor of, strongmen such as Perón and Chávez, rather than an effective party system producing socially desirable alternatives. Perón, Chávez, and dozens of other strongmen in Latin America are just another facet of the iron law of oligarchy, and as the name suggests, the roots of this iron law lies in the underlying elite-controlled regimes.

我们之所以提出“零售娱乐化”，是因为我们认为不管是在当年的消费升级大背景下，还是在今天，大家都更加注重精神生活。大家都知道马斯洛需求理论，其实到最后大家都开始去更多地进行一些精神类消费。我们卖的这些产品多数情况下并没有实用功能，而是关于审美、艺术、陪伴的精神类产品，然后再加上一些娱乐化的玩法

The consequence of absolutism was great insecurity of property rights driven by the political strategy of the emperor.

In Sierra Leone and many other sub-Saharan African nations, diamonds fueled conflict between different groups and helped to sustain civil wars, earning the label Blood Diamonds for the carnage brought about by the wars fought over their control.

In fact, the black workers were purposefully kept unskilled and were barred from high-skill occupations so that skilled white workers would not face competition and could enjoy high wages. In South Africa black Africans were indeed “trapped” in the traditional economy, in the Homelands.