ClippingKK

我们通常从人之常情讲，受宠的奴才管理不受宠的奴才，往往要比主人亲自管理奴才更糟糕，对奴才的怜惜和照顾的程度恐怕要更差。因为道理很简单，就算奴才不具人格只被视为财产，而个人的奴才不管怎么样，“产权明晰”是你自己的，这个所有权是很清楚的。比如你有一匹马，这一匹马既然是你的，你总不会无缘无故把它虐待死，杀了它对你有什么好处？你的“财产”不就损失了吗？大家都知道“兔子不吃窝边草”这个道理，那是因为窝边草是它自己的，它更愿意去吃别人的草。 但是受宠的奴才不太可能对不受宠的奴才产生一种“己物”爱惜照顾之心。因为他们本来就是陌生人，没有什么依附关系，这些人不是他自己的人，而是皇帝的人，他本人也是皇帝的人。对于他来讲，最重要的是怎么能够巩固皇帝对自己的宠爱，而不是怎么争取更多的人依附于自己——像我们经常讲的招降纳叛，吸引更多的人来投奔自已——在秦制下这可是大忌，要杀头的

The consequence of absolutism was great insecurity of property rights driven by the political strategy of the emperor.

British democracy was not given by the elite. It was largely taken by the masses, who were empowered by the political processes that had been ongoing in England and the rest of Britain for the last several centuries. They had become emboldened by the changes in the nature of political institutions unleashed by the Glorious Revolution. Reforms were granted because the elite thought that reform was the only way to secure the continuation of their rule, albeit in a somewhat lessened form.

it is again the underlying extractive institutions that make politics so attractive to, and so biased in favor of, strongmen such as Perón and Chávez, rather than an effective party system producing socially desirable alternatives. Perón, Chávez, and dozens of other strongmen in Latin America are just another facet of the iron law of oligarchy, and as the name suggests, the roots of this iron law lies in the underlying elite-controlled regimes.

超越了是非，就成神仙了，人间的是非对于你来讲是无所谓的，你“逍遥游”了

Extractive political institutions thus also tend to create a vicious circle because they provide no line of defense against those who want to further usurp and misuse the powers of the state.

and the true measure of pluralism is precisely its ability to resist such attempts. Pluralism also enshrines the notion of the rule of law, the principle that laws should be applied equally to everybody—something that is naturally impossible under an absolutist monarchy. But the rule of law, in turn, implies that laws cannot simply be used by one group to encroach upon the rights of another. What’s more, the principle of the rule of law opens the door for greater participation in the political process and greater inclusivity, as it powerfully introduces the idea that people should be equal not only before the law but also in the political system.

倘若错杀了很多人，办了很多冤假错案，招致很多不满，上峰会暂时让你回避一下风头，等这个风口过去，上面还是会用你的。但是如果你心慈手软或者比较较真地秉公执法，在上面人看来你就不再是一个好的工具，下场很可能还不如贪官污吏。因此就产生了很多有意思的故事