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Read · Reflect · Enlighten: Uncover Kindness. Pursue Truth. Illuminate One Another.

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Read · Reflect · Enlighten: Uncover Kindness. Pursue Truth. Illuminate One Another.

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悲惨世界(上中下)

悲惨世界(上中下)

[法] 维克多·雨果

安娜·卡列尼娜

安娜·卡列尼娜

[俄] 列夫·托尔斯泰

水浒全传校注(全十册)

水浒全传校注(全十册)

施耐庵集撰 罗贯中纂修 王利器校注

故事

故事

[美]罗伯特·麦基

被讨厌的勇气

被讨厌的勇气

岸见一郎 古贺史健

耿济之译卡拉马佐夫兄弟

耿济之译卡拉马佐夫兄弟

[俄] 费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基

刘擎西方现代思想讲义

刘擎西方现代思想讲义

刘擎

用得上的哲学

用得上的哲学

徐英瑾

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从现代观念视之,如果以“一毛”喻个人之权利,则在“群己权界”之己权内,他人及公共权力不得以某种理由,包括“利天下”之理由辄行剥夺。至于我行使己权,自愿为天下利,则“拔一毛”固无足论,即抛头颅、洒热血,其权在我,“我自横刀向天笑”,何其壮哉! 但若权不在我,则奴隶矣。若公共权力及以公权代表自命的统治者今得以“利天下”为由拔我一毛,明日自可按同样逻辑,以“利天下”为由而折我一臂,又明日当可取我之头,乃至取类我者任一人之头,以此类推,直至号称为51%之“多数之利”,就可以屠戮49%之“少数”。天下之事,尚可言乎!而所谓利天下者,亦不过为“天下之主”者自利之借口耳。诚如明儒黄宗羲抨击法家帝王时云:“使天下之人不敢自私,不敢自利,以我之大私为天下之大公”,此乃“为天下之大害者君而已”。是以自由及个人权利之为现代性张本,良有以也

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秦汉史讲义

The fear of creative destruction is the main reason why there was no sustained increase in living standards between the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions. Technological innovation makes human societies prosperous, but also involves the replacement of the old with the new, and the destruction of the economic privileges and political power of certain people. For sustained economic growth we need new technologies, new ways of doing things, and more often than not they will come from newcomers such as Lee. It may make society prosperous, but the process of creative destruction that it initiates threatens the livelihood of those who work with old technologies, such as the hand-knitters who would have found themselves unemployed by Lee’s technology.

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老子那个时代,还可以说你们何必那么积极进取,变化那么快干吗?现在小国寡民不是很好吗?他讲的“无为”其实是针对秦制。然而到了庄周时代,已经没有小国寡民了,恰恰相反,那时“霸道”已经成了一个基本的现实,强者为王,弱者为食,弱肉强食的秩序横行。这时候庄周和事老般地说,算了吧,算了吧,其实我们不必去争什么,这样顺着走,就挺不错。这时候他讲的“无为”,其实背后已经没有了西周式小国寡民的理念,顺其自然已经日益变成顺从秦制,变成不讲是非的犬儒主义

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秦汉史讲义

然而,我愿意为天下拔己一毛是一回事,别人(包括众人)以利天下为由拔我一毛是另一回事。真正的问题在于:谁有权利做出这个抉择?“拔一毛”的权利属于我,属于我的家庭家族(小共同体),还是属于“天下”、国家或“大共同体”?

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秦汉史讲义

所谓的酷吏、所谓的法吏,不是以伦理为中心的,不是道德挂帅的,但必须强调,他们的治理不是以法律为准绳,也不是提倡在法律面前人人平等的。所谓酷吏,实际上是一种权力中心主义的法家政治观,强调的是对权力的垄断。这种对权力的垄断与强调道德其实都属于人治,但是酷吏对法治的破坏作用——确切地说是对建设法治的阻碍作用,应该说要比伦理型的儒家人治更甚一筹

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秦汉史讲义

因此法家说,赏罚要起作用,老百姓就不能富。因为一旦富了,老百姓就不会图国家的赏了。老百姓一定要穷兮兮的,因此国家给他们一点赏赐,他们就会拼命地卖力,像一群狗抢骨头一样,所谓重赏之下有勇夫。如果老百姓本来就很富,他们可以通过自己的努力很富有,而不必靠谄媚摇尾乞怜,这个赏还有谁稀罕呢?因此商鞅说,老百姓是绝对不能让他们富起来的,“农有余食,则薄燕于岁”

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秦汉史讲义

As we have seen, the political developments leading up to the Glorious Revolution were shaped by several interlinked processes. Central was the political conflict between absolutism and its opponents. The outcome of this conflict not only put a stop to the attempts to create a renewed and stronger absolutism in England, but also empowered those wishing to fundamentally change the institutions of society. The opponents of absolutism did not simply attempt to build a different type of absolutism. This was not simply the House of Lancaster defeating the House of York in the War of the Roses. Instead, the Glorious Revolution involved the emergence of a new regime based on constitutional rule and pluralism.

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如果你苟且,假如是出于一种无奈也就罢了,在那种高压之下,人要自保也是可以理解的。可是庄周是一个智者,他不愿把苟且说成是无奈,而是要用“玄学”把它奉为一种崇高的境界。按照庄周的说法,你较真,你是傻瓜,能够把一切都看透,那才是伟大的真人、智人。如果有人见义勇为,路见不平拔刀相助,他认为这是一个傻帽,要知道世上没有什么平不平,平就是不平,不平就是平。所以,如果说我不敢做也就罢了,庄周则说,其实你就不该做,争论什么叫平什么叫不平根本没有意义。为苟且解套,还要赋予它哲学意义,这是故意装深奥的开脱

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秦汉史讲义

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Why Nations Fail The Origins of Power, Prosperity & Poverty -- Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James -- 2012 -- Crown Business
Why Nations Fail The Origins of Power, Prosperity & Poverty -- Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James -- 2012 -- Crown Business