ClippingKK

然而无论出身如何卑贱，宦官一旦被皇帝宠信，权倾一时，就常常会忘乎所以，做出一些糟糕透顶的事。对此，当然不能用“阶级分析”说事：因为他们是穷苦出身，就会为穷人维权。宦官如此，朝官亦然，程度不同而已。“布衣卿相”绝不是“代表布衣的卿相”。从常识判断，皇权爪牙对无缘皇宠的百姓（“布衣卿相”对一般的“布衣”），比贵族对自己的附庸更无情，这不说是规律，也应是大概率现象

现在我认为，历史的发展，无论过去、现在还是未来，都是不确定的。唯其不确定，人们的努力才有意义。过去的历史发展是有因果可寻的，发现历史中的因果链是历史学家的责任。但是人文的因果不同于物理的因果，就在于前者是概率性的，而不是必然性的。因此对历史的解释不可避免地具有相对性。也正因为此，我们的未来也具有不确定性。历史研究无法使人成为一个算命先生。但历史研究能够使我们增长智慧，鉴往知今，从历史中汲取经验教训，培养正确的价值观，知道什么是我们应该抵制的，什么是值得我们追求的，并且尽量找到用力点，以提高我们追求的成功率

Following the Meiji Restoration there was a process of transformative institutional reforms in Japan. In 1869 feudalism was abolished, and the three hundred fiefs were surrendered to the government and turned into prefectures, under the control of an appointed governor. Taxation was centralized, and a modern bureaucratic state replaced the old feudal one. In 1869 the equality of all social classes before the law was introduced, and restrictions on internal migration and trade were abolished. The samurai class was abolished, though not without having to put down some rebellions. Individual property rights on land were introduced, and people were allowed freedom to enter and practice any trade. The state became heavily involved in the construction of infrastructure.

超越了是非，就成神仙了，人间的是非对于你来讲是无所谓的，你“逍遥游”了

The effort to build and consolidate absolutism in Spain was massively aided by the discovery of precious metals in the Americas.

Along with this new locus for the determination of economic institutions and the new responsiveness after 1688, parliamentarians started making a series of key changes in economic institutions and government policy that would ultimately pave the way for the Industrial Revolution. Property rights eroded under the Stuarts were strengthened. Parliament began a process of reform in economic institutions to promote manufacturing, rather than taxing and impeding it.

总而言之，要“富国强兵”，就必须使老百姓停留在辱、弱、贫、愚之中，如同好操纵的“提线木偶”。这样一种制度，会带来什么样的结果呢？当然会使这个国家的武力变得很强大

these conflicts would turn into bloody civil wars and would create economic ruin and unparalleled human suffering—as well as cause state failure.