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Read · Reflect · Enlighten: Uncover Kindness. Pursue Truth. Illuminate One Another.

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Read · Reflect · Enlighten: Uncover Kindness. Pursue Truth. Illuminate One Another.

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悲惨世界(上中下)

悲惨世界(上中下)

[法] 维克多·雨果

安娜·卡列尼娜

安娜·卡列尼娜

[俄] 列夫·托尔斯泰

水浒全传校注(全十册)

水浒全传校注(全十册)

施耐庵集撰 罗贯中纂修 王利器校注

故事

故事

[美]罗伯特·麦基

被讨厌的勇气

被讨厌的勇气

岸见一郎 古贺史健

耿济之译卡拉马佐夫兄弟

耿济之译卡拉马佐夫兄弟

[俄] 费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基

刘擎西方现代思想讲义

刘擎西方现代思想讲义

刘擎

用得上的哲学

用得上的哲学

徐英瑾

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北宋末年的蔡京、蔡下这些人,从政治脉络来说都属于新党,用过去的话说,都属于“改革派”。当然,彼时讲的改革派是指强化国家垄断的改革派,不是像现在我们讲的要搞市场经济的改革派。 两派的斗争产生的是一种“尺蠖效应”:北宋后期新党和旧党轮流执政,国家政策就像只一放一缩的尺蠖,无论如何变化,都只有利于权贵。这与尺蠖爬行时一收一缩,但只向一个方向移动不是很像吗?新党只懂得与民争利,严重损害了“阡陌闾巷之贱人”的利益;旧党只懂得放任无为,则使权贵得以放手圈钱。国家的“自由放任”只是放出了无数土皇帝,却放不出一个中产阶级;国家的经济统制统出了与民争利,却统不出社会保障

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秦汉史讲义

世界上所有的文字最早都是从音发展而来的,西方的拼音文字是这样,中国的汉字其实也是这样。早期的汉语,同音必定同义,音和义是不分的,越到后来,同音义异的现象越厉害,以至书面语和口头语的差别也越来越大,现在的同音字意思可以完全不相干,但早期往往不是这样的。汉语的发展趋势在这一点上和西方语言有点不一样

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秦汉史讲义

It was the Glorious Revolution that strengthened and rationalized property rights, improved financial markets, undermined state-sanctioned monopolies in foreign trade, and removed the barriers to the expansion of industry. It was the Glorious Revolution that made the political system open and responsive to the economic needs and aspirations of society.

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THE EVENTS SURROUNDING the Black Act would show that the Glorious Revolution had created the rule of law, and that this notion was stronger in England and Britain, and the elites were far more constrained by it than they themselves imagined. Notably, the rule of law is not the same as rule by law. Even if the Whigs could pass a harsh, repressive law to quash obstacles from common people, they had to contend with additional constraints because of the rule of law. Their law violated the rights that the Glorious Revolution and the changes in political institutions that followed from it had already established for everybody by tearing down the “divine” rights of kings and the privileges of elites.

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这就是陌生人打交道的逻辑。一次性的博弈通常是“零和博弈”,你输我赢甚全你死我活都可以,但是如果双方“抬头不见低头见”,知道博弈将无限重复,那就大概率会追求“双赢”,形成一种伦理关系。即便双方不平等,有长幼尊卑之别,但如果双方终生相守,甚至祖祖辈辈都得相处在一起,这个博弈就是长期的。不能做一锤子买卖,互动过程既然多次重复,肯定就要考虑长期回报,就不能一次把事情做绝了,否则很难长期相处

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秦汉史讲义

辩护者总是说:“变法”是进步的,“守法”是保守的。但是,“法治”的本来意义不就是程序至上吗?如果为了“进步”就可以乱来,那和为了“纲常”、为了“革命”就可以乱来,有什么不同?

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秦汉史讲义

The consequences of these extractive political and economic institutions in Spain were predictable. During the seventeenth century, while England was moving toward commercial growth and then rapid industrialization, Spain was tailspinning toward widespread economic decline. At the start of the century, one in five people in Spain was living in urban areas. By the end, this figure had halved to one in ten, in a process that corresponded to increasing impoverishment of the Spanish population. Spanish incomes fell, while England grew rich.

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所谓的酷吏、所谓的法吏,不是以伦理为中心的,不是道德挂帅的,但必须强调,他们的治理不是以法律为准绳,也不是提倡在法律面前人人平等的。所谓酷吏,实际上是一种权力中心主义的法家政治观,强调的是对权力的垄断。这种对权力的垄断与强调道德其实都属于人治,但是酷吏对法治的破坏作用——确切地说是对建设法治的阻碍作用,应该说要比伦理型的儒家人治更甚一筹。 我们清楚现代意义上讲的法治是什么。其实现代意义上的法治,说穿了就是以人权为基础的一种法律秩序,每一个人都有他的合法权利,应该得到保障。法律就是为了保障人权的,因此,法律对社会上的每一个人都构成约束,之所以约束就是因为害怕有人侵犯别人的权利。那么谁最有可能侵犯别人的权利呢?就是那些有权有势的人。法治首先要限制谁?首先是要限制政府,限制有权胡作非为的人。至于限制老百姓,那是次要的事。 但是秦代的法家不是这样。我前面已经从理论上澄清了所谓法家主张“王子犯法与庶民同罪”、法家“守法”、法家虽然残酷但“恶法亦法,胜于无法”、法家的性恶论有利于法治,等等,都是完全没有根据的奇谈怪论。秦代法家讲的“法”治就是我前面讲的——“法、术、势”,主要是管老百姓的,不是管皇帝的;是维护皇权,而不是维护人权的。与现代法治精神恰恰相反,法家只讲权力(power),不讲权利(right)。因此不仅皇帝是不受制约的,任何有权者对于无权者都是不受制约的。法家的做法可以说它是不讲道德的,但绝不能说它是讲法律的。更准确地说,它只讲“权力意志”,是靠赤裸裸的无限权力来进行治理的

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Why Nations Fail The Origins of Power, Prosperity & Poverty -- Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James -- 2012 -- Crown Business
Why Nations Fail The Origins of Power, Prosperity & Poverty -- Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James -- 2012 -- Crown Business
Why Nations Fail The Origins of Power, Prosperity & Poverty -- Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James -- 2012 -- Crown Business
秦汉史讲义