Roving bands of hungry workers in the countryside near the city were controllable neither by the Dutch nor by the urban Chinese elite. As we have seen, the Dutch, who feared these desperate men, devised a plan to deport them, which in turn touched off the rebellion and massacre of 1740.43 A similar situation can be seen in the pre-1800 Philippines, where non-Mestizo Chinese were mainly retailers and artisans in and around Manila. They were vulnerable to repeated cruelties, including the massacres already mentioned, as well as mass expulsions motivated largely by fear.